Please use the directions below and the attached rubric. I would like you to use either cervical cancer or colon cancer but please use whichever you feel most comfortable writing on. If you have any questions please reach out.
\nMN505M1-1: Interpret epidemiologic data on morbidity and mortality related to acute and chronic disease states.
\nDirections:
\nIndividual Screening
\nReview the clinician provider guidelines and recommendations of the United States Preventive Services Task Force A and B Recommendations. https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/Page\/Name\/uspstf-a-and-b-recommendations\/
\nFor the MSN-prepared nurse, knowledge of epidemiology and its application to preventive screening guidelines is important in many clinical areas: administrative, education, and nurse practitioner fields. Consider you are working in a clinic and need to order a preventive screening on a patient for one of the conditions listed below. While this is a preventive measure, it also can be a diagnostic tool in other circumstances. For this assignment, the screening is a secondary prevention measure.
\nPlease select one screening below. Your screening methodology must come from the United States Preventive Services Task Force guidelines.
\nAbdominal Aortic Aneurysm
\nBreast Cancer
\nCervical Cancer
\nColon Cancer
\nDiabetes Mellitus II
\nLung Cancer
\nCondition and Screening
\nIdentify and define the condition and type of screening. Screening choice is one from the assignment directions.
\nEpidemiology of Condition
\nInclude a correct definition of the condition and defines the epidemiology of the condition in the United States through three statistical terms.
\nInclude the correct mortality and related morbidity statistics in numerical format.
\nAddress trends using terms such as increasing, larger, or less. Includes related disparities and population rate comparison (i.e., racial, sex, age, etc.)
\nMethodology
\nIncorporate USPSTF guideline development methodology process into the methodology section of the paper.
\nDiscuss the population for the guideline using age, sex, or related characteristic, for the screening.
\nInclude information on two risk factors addressed in the guideline methodology.
\nJustify the screening based on these risks using statistical rationale.
\nExplain and support measures of the screening.
\nGuideline
\nProvide a summation of the USPSTF guideline recommendation.
\nInclude population characteristic\/s, screening type, and interval.
\nInclude most current recommendations.
\nCritical Analysis
\nConduct a literature review of support used in the guideline. May include alternative studies found in more recent literature that supports or offers alternative views.
\nCite four studies in the analysis.
\nSummary
\nProvide a summary conclusion of the screening guideline, general benefit to the individual and why it is important.
\nFormat expectations:
\nFollows all assignment directions.
\nIntroduction and conclusion are included.
\nInformation in paragraphs and paper organized to convey the content to the reader.
\nPaper length paper should be 3\u20134 pages of content.
\nFollows APA in paper format, reference page, in-text citations, or headings.
\nUses four or more credible peer-reviewed sources.<\/p>\n
______________________-
\nCondition and Screening
\nThe condition I will be discussing is colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is the third leading cause of cancer death in the United States, after lung cancer and breast cancer. It is estimated that 106,120 people will be diagnosed with CRC and 50,610 people will die from the disease in 2023.<\/p>\n
The most common screening tests for CRC are fecal occult blood tests (FOBTs), flexible sigmoidoscopy, colonoscopy, and CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy). FOBTs are a simple and inexpensive test that can be done at home. Flexible sigmoidoscopy is a procedure that allows the doctor to view the rectum and sigmoid colon (the lower part of the colon). Colonoscopy is a procedure that allows the doctor to view the entire colon. CT colonography is a less invasive procedure than colonoscopy, but it is not as accurate.<\/p>\n
The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends that adults at average risk of CRC begin screening at age 45. The USPSTF recommends FOBT every year, flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or colonoscopy every 10 years.<\/p>\n
Epidemiology of Condition
\nCRC is a disease that affects the colon and rectum. It is caused by the growth of abnormal cells in the lining of the colon or rectum. These abnormal cells can form a tumor, which can grow and spread to other parts of the body.<\/p>\n
The risk of developing CRC increases with age. The average age at diagnosis is 68. Other risk factors for CRC include family history, smoking, obesity, and a diet low in fiber and high in red meat.<\/p>\n
Methodology
\nThe USPSTF uses a systematic review process to develop its recommendations. This process includes reviewing the scientific evidence on the benefits and harms of screening tests. The USPSTF also considers the costs of screening and the patient’s preferences.<\/p>\n
In the case of CRC screening, the USPSTF found that there is moderate evidence that screening with FOBT, flexible sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy reduces the risk of death from CRC. The USPSTF also found that there is no evidence that screening with CT colonography reduces the risk of death from CRC.<\/p>\n
Guideline
\nThe USPSTF recommends that adults at average risk of CRC begin screening at age 45. The USPSTF recommends FOBT every year, flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or colonoscopy every 10 years.<\/p>\n
Critical Analysis
\nThe USPSTF’s recommendation for CRC screening is based on the evidence that screening reduces the risk of death from CRC. However, there are some limitations to the evidence. For example, the studies that showed a benefit from screening were conducted in the 1990s and early 2000s. It is possible that the benefit of screening is less today, due to changes in the way CRC is diagnosed and treated.<\/p>\n
Another limitation of the evidence is that it is not clear how long people should continue to be screened. The USPSTF recommends that people continue to be screened until they are 75 years old. However, some experts believe that people should continue to be screened for as long as they are at risk of developing CRC.<\/p>\n
Summary
\nThe USPSTF recommends that adults at average risk of CRC begin screening at age 45. The USPSTF recommends FOBT every year, flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years, or colonoscopy every 10 years.<\/p>\n
The benefits of screening for CRC are clear. Screening can reduce the risk of death from CRC. However, there are some limitations to the evidence. It is not clear how long people should continue to be screened, and it is not clear if screening is as effective today as it was in the past.<\/p>\n
Overall, the benefits of screening for CRC outweigh the risks. Screening can help to save lives.<\/p>\n
References
\nAmerican Cancer Society. (2023). Colorectal cancer facts & figures 2023. Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society.
\nUnited States Preventive Services Task Force. (2021). Screening for colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA, 326(24), 2573-2585.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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