The strategy that is likely to be counterproductive when working with students and their parents is b. Acknowledge that authoritarian methods may be quite appropriate if families live in dangerous neighborhoods. The reason is that it may encourage authoritarian parenting even when it is not necessary, and this can lead to negative outcomes in the child’s development.<\/p>\n
The action that you should definitely take if you suspect that one of your students is the victim of abuse or neglect at home is d. Immediately report your suspicions to a school administrator or social services. This is because it is the teacher’s responsibility to ensure the safety and well-being of their students, and reporting suspicions of abuse or neglect is essential to protect the child.<\/p>\n
The teacher who is not socializing students in a typical fashion is c. Ms. Dobson suggests that Sean bang his fist against the wall a few times whenever he gets frustrated. This is because the teacher is encouraging an inappropriate behavior that can harm the student and others.<\/p>\n
The personality trait that psychologists would not characterize as a relatively stable personality trait is c. how quickly children solve math problems. This is because solving math problems is a skill that can improve with practice and instruction, rather than a stable personality trait.<\/p>\n
The scenario that is not likely to occur given what we know about the development of sense of self is b. Aaron thinks that kids his age don’t like him, so he spends most of his spare time with his parents. This is because a child’s sense of self is closely tied to their social relationships, and it is unlikely that a child who believes that other children do not like them would prefer to spend most of their spare time with their parents.<\/p>\n
The most accurate statement about group differences among students is d. The average for two groups may be different, but variability within each group keeps us from predicting individual performance. This is because while there may be some differences between groups, these differences do not necessarily apply to all individuals within those groups.<\/p>\n
If we say that Svana is undergoing acculturation, we mean that she is c. adopting some American behaviors and attitudes. Acculturation refers to the process of adapting to a new culture, which typically involves adopting some of the behaviors and attitudes of the new culture.<\/p>\n
The factor that is probably least dependable as an indicator of a student’s cultural background and ethnicity is a. the color of a student’s skin. This is because skin color can be influenced by a variety of factors, and it is not always a reliable indicator of a person’s cultural background or ethnicity.<\/p>\n
The best example of playing the dozens is a. Jameel says to Ronald, “Your momma’s so fat her picture takes two frames.” Ronald responds, “Yeah? Well, your momma’s so fat it took three cows to make her a pair of shoes.” Playing the dozens refers to a form of verbal insult game in which participants take turns insulting each other in a playful, humorous way.<\/p>\n
The student who says, “My momma, she be singin’ all da time,” appears to be using non-standard English dialect. This is because the student is using a dialect that differs from the standard English dialect used in school and other formal settings.
\n___________________________________________________________________
\n21. Three of the following suggestions are apt to be helpful when teachers work with students
\nand their parents. With the textbook\u00e2\u0080\u0099s discussion of parenting styles in mind, choose the strategy that is apt to be counterproductive.
\na. Keep in mind that many parents from Asian cultures effectively combine elements of authoritative and authoritarian parenting.
\nb. Acknowledge that authoritarian methods may be quite
\nappropriate if families live in
\ndangerous neighborhoods.
\nc. Point out that parents who use authoritarian methods may
\nbe causing some of their children\u00e2\u0080\u0099s
\nbehavior problems.
\nd. Keep in mind that many children do well in school despite
\nless-than-optimal parenting styles at
\nhome.
\n22. Which one of the
\nfollowing should you definitely do if you suspect that one of your students
\nis the victim of abuse or neglect at home?
\na. Temporarily lower your expectations for the student\u00e2\u0080\u0099s
\nacademic performance until conditions
\nat home seem to improve.
\nb. Spend some one-on-one time with the student in an effort
\nto get him or her to confide in you.
\nc. Keep a close eye on the student over the next few weeks,
\nlooking for additional evidence that
\neither supports or disconfirms your suspicions.
\nd. Immediately report your suspicions to a school
\nadministrator or social services.
\n23. Three of the
\nfollowing teachers are socializing their students in the way that schools
\ntypically do. Which teacher is not
\nsocializing students in a typical fashion?
\na. Ms. Allen insists that her students complete their
\nindependent seatwork before they go to recess.
\nb. Ms. Bernetti has her students go to lunch by rows,
\nletting the quietest rows go first.
\nc. Ms. Dobson
\nsuggests that Sean bang his fist against the wall a few times whenever he gets
\nfrustrated.
\nd. Ms. Castanza does not permit her students to talk back to
\nher in a disrespectful fashion.
\n24. Three of the
\nfollowing tend to be fairly stable personality traits that children have to
\nvarying degrees. Which one would
\npsychologists not characterize as a relatively stable personality trait?
\na. how dependable children are in doing their work carefully
\nand following through on assigned tasks
\nb. how outgoing and friendly children are with their peers
\nc. how quickly children solve math problems
\nd. how often children have negative emotions such as anger
\nor depression
\n25. Given what we
\nknow about the development of sense of self, three of the following are
\nlikely scenarios. Which scenario is
\nnot likely to occur?
\na. Mike vacillates between thinking of himself as being very
\nsmart and as being extremely stupid.
\nb. Aaron thinks that kids his age don\u00e2\u0080\u0099t like him, so he
\nspends most of his spare time with his
\nparents.
\nc. Daniel knows he has many friends, but he wishes he were a
\nbetter student.
\nd. Rex knows he\u00e2\u0080\u0099s good in math and science but thinks of
\nhimself as a total klutz when it comes
\nto sports.<\/p>\n
1. Which one of the
\nfollowing is the most accurate statement about group differences among students?
\na. When we have knowledge about typical group differences,
\nwe have a very good idea of how
\nindividual students are likely to perform in the classroom.
\nb. We can make fairly accurate predictions about individual
\nstudents when we know their gender,
\nbut not when we know their ethnic background.
\nc. We can make fairly accurate predictions about individual
\nstudents when we know their ethnic
\nbackground, but not when we know their gender.
\nd. The average for two groups may be different, but
\nvariability within each group keeps us
\nfrom predicting individual performance.
\n2. Ten-year-old Svana
\nhas recently immigrated from Iceland to the United States. If we say that Svana
\nis undergoing acculturation, we mean that she is:
\na. refusing to speak any English at school.
\nb. afraid to engage in social activities with her American
\npeers.
\nc. adopting some American behaviors and attitudes.
\nd. maintaining all of the customs of her homeland.
\n3. Three of the
\nfollowing are likely to give you reasonable clues about a student\u00e2\u0080\u0099s
\ncultural background and\/or ethnic
\ngroup membership. Which one is probably least dependable as an indicator of a student\u00e2\u0080\u0099s cultural
\nbackground and ethnicity?
\na. the color of a student\u00e2\u0080\u0099s skin
\nb. what language is most often spoken at home
\nc. the ethnicity of the student\u00e2\u0080\u0099s parents
\nd. the cultural and religious activities in which a student
\nregularly participates<\/p>\n
4. Which one of the
\nfollowing is the best example of playing the dozens?
\na. Jameel says to Ronald, \u00e2\u0080\u009cYour momma\u00e2\u0080\u0099s so fat her picture
\ntakes two frames.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Ronald responds,
\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cYeah? Well, your momma\u00e2\u0080\u0099s so fat it took three cows to make her a pair of shoes.\u00e2\u0080\u009d
\nb. Helena tells her friend Mary that Wendy has been saying
\nunkind things behind Mary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s back. She
\nthen goes to Wendy and tells her that Mary has been saying unkind things behind her back.
\nc. Tariq devoutly follows Muslim practices (e.g., praying
\nfive times a day, fasting during
\nRamadan) on weekends and school holidays, but he tries to behave as his
\nAmerican classmates do on days when
\nhe attends school.
\nd. When Alegria finishes her own classwork, she goes to the
\nassistance of classmates who appear to
\nbe struggling with theirs.
\n5. A student says to
\nyou, \u00e2\u0080\u009cMy momma, she be singin\u00e2\u0080\u0099 all da time.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This student appears to:
\na. have a speech disorder that sometimes results from
\nenvironmental toxins (e.g.,
\nlead-based paint).
\nb. have had little exposure to language during a critical
\nperiod in her language development.
\nc. be using African American English, a dialect with some
\ngrammatical constructions different
\nfrom those of Standard English.
\nd. have grown up in Northern Ireland and so is using idioms
\ntypical of that country.
\n6. Three of the
\nfollowing alternatives describe reasons why, for cultural reasons, children may
\nbe relatively quiet in class. Which
\nalternative is false?
\na. In some cultures, children rarely hear spoken language
\nuntil age 3 or 4.
\nb. Children from some cultural backgrounds may have been
\ntaught that it\u00e2\u0080\u0099s rude to initiate a
\nconversation with an adult.
\nc. In some cultures,
\nattentive listening is valued more highly than speaking.
\nd. In some cultural groups, children are accustomed to
\nlearning more from quiet observation
\nthan from asking questions.
\n7. Psychologists
\nbelieve that intelligence is culture-specific\u00e2\u0080\u0094that \u00e2\u0080\u009cintelligent\u00e2\u0080\u009d behavior in
\none culture is not necessarily
\nintelligent behavior in a different culture. Three of the following are aspects of intelligence, regardless of the
\nculture in which it is found. Which one is probably related to intelligence in some cultures
\nbut not in others?
\na. learning how to perform a new task quickly
\nb. doing well in academic classroom activities
\nc. adapting readily
\nto new situations
\nd. applying prior knowledge to new situations
\n8. Robert is a 15-year-old
\nboy who has attended U.S. schools since he began kindergarten at age 5. With this fact in mind, identify the
\ntask that is most likely to require Robert\u00e2\u0080\u0099s fluid intelligence rather than his crystallized
\nintelligence.
\na. applying algebra to a mathematical word problem
\nb. solving a new kind of puzzle
\nc. writing a persuasive essay on a current issue in the news<\/p>\n
d. finding Egypt on a map
\n9. Sam is a very
\ntalented dancer; he also shows considerable creativity in art class. He finds
\nmath and science classes very
\ndifficult, but he loves to read and tell stories to his many friends. Which view of intelligence is best
\nreflected in Sam\u00e2\u0080\u0099s abilities?
\na. Piaget\u00e2\u0080\u0099s theory of cognitive development
\nb. Gardner\u00e2\u0080\u0099s multiple intelligences
\nc. Sternberg\u00e2\u0080\u0099s triarchic theory d. distributed intelligence
\n10. Which one of the
\nfollowing statements best reflects Sternberg\u00e2\u0080\u0099s triarchic theory of
\nintelligence?
\na. Intelligent behavior is a function of how well people
\ndraw on their prior experiences and
\ncognitively process information in order to adapt to their particular
\nenvironmental situation.
\nb. Intelligent behavior evolves in three stages:
\npreoperational thought, concrete thought
\nand abstract thought.
\nc. To be truly intelligent, one must show competence in
\ncritical thinking and appropriate
\nclassroom behavior, as well as in traditional academic tasks.
\nd. Intelligence is due to heredity, environment, and a
\ncomplex interaction between the two;
\nultimately, researchers will probably never be able to separate the relative
\neffects of heredity and environment.
\n11. Which one of the
\nfollowing statements most accurately reflects the concept of distributed intelligence?
\na. How intelligent students are is, to some extent, a
\nfunction of class size; students
\nachieve at lower levels when they are in larger classes.
\nb. Students almost invariably perform at higher levels in
\nsome academic subject areas than they
\ndo in others.
\nc. How intelligent children become is, to some extent, a
\nfunction of the number of siblings
\nthey have; children from larger families tend to have slightly lower IQ
\nscores.
\nd. Students can behave more intelligently when they can use
\noutside resources as well as their
\nminds.
\n12. \u00e2\u0080\u009cA child\u00e2\u0080\u0099s
\nability to behave intelligently may vary considerably, depending on the
\nparticular context, skills, and
\ncognitive processes required by a given task.\u00e2\u0080\u009d This statement is
\nconsistent with three of the
\nfollowing conceptualizations of intelligence. With which one is it least consistent?
\na. Gardner\u00e2\u0080\u0099s theory of multiple intelligences
\nb. Sternberg\u00e2\u0080\u0099s triarchic theory
\nc. the concept of distributed intelligence
\nd. Cattell\u00e2\u0080\u0099s concept of fluid intelligence
\n13. Three of the
\nfollowing are examples of learned behavior. Given the textbook\u00e2\u0080\u0099s definition
\nof learning, which behavior
\nprobably does not reflect learning?
\na. After many hours of heated debate, Brian begins to modify
\nhis religious beliefs.
\nb. Cara suddenly recognizes how the division fact \u00e2\u0080\u009c24 \u00c3\u00b7 4 =
\n6\u00e2\u0080\u009d is related to the multiplication
\nfact \u00e2\u0080\u009c6 \u00c3\u0097 4 = 24.\u00e2\u0080\u009d
\nc. David has been running away from German shepherds ever
\nsince he was bitten by a German
\nshepherd two years ago.
\nd. Abigail cries when she feels sad.
\n14. Which one of the
\nfollowing statements most accurately describes behaviorists\u00e2\u0080\u0099 view of how learning can best be studied?
\na. To study learning scientifically, researchers must
\nconfine their investigations to animal
\nresearch in a laboratory setting.
\nb. The study of learning will be more objective and
\nscientific if only observable events are
\nconsidered.
\nc. Asking people to describe what they\u00e2\u0080\u0099re thinking as they
\nstudy is likely to yield the most
\naccurate results.
\nd. Psychologists can determine how learning occurs only if
\nthey can identify its physiological
\nbasis.
\n15. Which one of the
\nfollowing statements best characterizes cognitive psychology\u00e2\u0080\u0099s approach to learning?
\na. Students are most likely to learn the things they think
\nthey will be reinforced for learning.<\/p>\n
b. Students learn through a series of either-or decisions
\nsimilar to how computers operate.
\nc. Students\u00e2\u0080\u0099 learning is a function of what they do,
\nmentally, with the information they
\nreceive.
\nd. Students\u00e2\u0080\u0099 learning is a function of how stimuli in the
\nenvironment are organized and
\nsequenced.
\n16. Which one of the
\nfollowing researchers is drawing an inference about cognitive processes
\nfrom her observations of behavior?
\na. Dr. Aragon finds that students who listen to an organized
\nlecture remember more information than
\nstudents who listen to an unorganized lecture; she concludes that organized material promotes better
\nlearning.
\nb. Dr. Cooper discovers that students remember more when new
\nconcepts are illustrated by pictures
\nas well as being verbally described; she concludes that visual imagery
\nhelps learning and memory.
\nc. Dr. Burger finds that students who learn information word
\nfor word don\u00e2\u0080\u0099t remember it for very
\nlong; she concludes that requiring students to learn information verbatim
\nisn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t an effective teaching strategy.
\nd. Dr. Delgado finds that students who listen to foreign
\nlanguage tapes while sleeping don\u00e2\u0080\u0099t
\nremember what they\u00e2\u0080\u0099ve heard; she concludes that being awake is necessary
\nfor learning to occur.
\n17. As human beings,
\nwe encounter a great many stimuli at any one time. Which one of the following most accurately reflects
\ncognitive psychologists\u00e2\u0080\u0099 perspective about how we respond to all these stimuli?
\na. We cannot remember everything, and we have little control
\nover the things that we do remember.
\nb. We must select the things we think are most important to
\nlearn and remember, and ignore the
\nrest.
\nc. We remember virtually everything we experience, but we
\nhave difficulty retrieving most of it.<\/p>\n
d. By learning to use effective long-term memory storage
\nprocesses, we can eventually begin to
\nremember almost everything we encounter.
\n18. When cognitive psychologists talk about the process of
\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cputting\u00e2\u0080\u009d things in memory, they often
\nuse the term:
\na. inference-drawing.
\nb. retrieval.
\nc. selectivity.
\nd. storage.
\n19. Many cognitive
\npsychologists believe that learning and understanding are often
\nconstructive in nature. Three of the
\nfollowing scenarios illustrate such construction. Which scenario does not necessarily involve construction in
\nlearning?
\na. When George reads about the Vietnam War in his history
\nbook, he comes to the conclusion that
\nthe United States should never have gotten involved in Southeast Asia.
\nb. Mr. McFarland asks his third graders to practice their
\nmultiplication tables every day.
\nAfter a month of such practice, Misty can retrieve all the basic
\nmultiplication facts quickly and
\neasily.
\nc. Because the word photosynthesis begins with photo, Jeremy
\nguesses that it must have something
\nto do with taking photographs.
\nd. Although no one has ever told her so, Peggy thinks that
\nthe night sky is a big black blanket
\ncovering the earth and that the blanket has tiny holes through which the
\nstars shine.
\n20. Mr. Janus tells
\nhis class, \u00e2\u0080\u009cFor tomorrow\u00e2\u0080\u0099s class, read pages 23 to 49 in your geography
\nbook.\u00e2\u0080\u009d Three of the following
\nstudents are demonstrating the process of construction in their perceptions of what their teacher has
\nsaid. Which student is not?
\na. Christopher \u00e2\u0080\u009chears\u00e2\u0080\u009d the teacher say \u00e2\u0080\u009cpages 33 to 39\u00e2\u0080\u009d
\nbecause the student next to him is
\ncoughing loudly.
\nb. Anthony thinks the teacher is saying \u00e2\u0080\u009chistory book.\u00e2\u0080\u009d
\nc. Bonita doesn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t hear what the teacher says because she\u00e2\u0080\u0099s
\nthinking about something else.
\nd. Dena understands the teacher even though the teacher
\nspeaks with a slight accent and
\nmispronounces the word geography.
\n21. Michael has just
\nwritten a short research paper that describes the events surrounding the
\nfirst transatlantic telegraph
\ncable. As he rereads his paper before giving it to his teacher, he doesn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t notice that he has misspelled Atlantic as
\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cAltantic\u00e2\u0080\u009d on one occasion, even though he knows perfectly well how the word should be
\nspelled. Michael\u00e2\u0080\u0099s proofreading error can best be explained by considering the role of
\n__________ in the construction of meaning.
\na. a script
\nb. expectations
\nc. assessment
\nd. ambiguity
\n22. Morris is trying
\nto remember how to spell the word broccoli. He retrieves the first three
\nletters (B R O) and the last three
\n(O L I), then assumes that the \u00e2\u0080\u009ckuh\u00e2\u0080\u009d sound in the middle of the word must be a K. He writes \u00e2\u0080\u009cbrokoli\u00e2\u0080\u009d on
\nhis paper. Morris\u00e2\u0080\u0099 process of remembering how to spell the word (in this case,
\nincorrectly) illustrates which one of the following concepts?
\na. verbal mediation
\nb. a script
\nc. construction in retrieval
\nd. a retrieval cue
\n23. Which one of the
\nfollowing scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?
\na. Two students discuss possible interpretations of the
\nproverb, \u00e2\u0080\u009cWe only know the worth of
\nwater when the well is dry.\u00e2\u0080\u009d
\nb. When a student borrows a classmate\u00e2\u0080\u0099s marker without
\nasking and then forgets to put the cap
\nback on, leaving it dried out and useless by the following morning, her
\nteacher reminds her of one of the
\nclass rules: \u00e2\u0080\u009cRespect your classmates\u00e2\u0080\u0099 property.\u00e2\u0080\u009d
\nc. Four students in a study group divide a reading
\nassignment into four sections. Each
\nstudent reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group
\nmembers.
\nd. A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome
\nequipment that students can operate
\nsuccessfully only by working in pairs.
\n24. Distributed
\ncognition can best be described as a:
\na. group of students thinking about a task or problem
\ntogether.
\nb. student trying to accomplish several different tasks
\nsimultaneously.
\nc. group of students dividing up the various parts of a task
\nthat need to be done.
\nd. student choosing one problem-solving strategy over other
\npossible strategies.
\n25. Which one of the
\nfollowing examples best illustrates the concept of distributed cognition?
\na. Rhonda watches her favorite situation comedy while
\nsimultaneously eating an apple and
\ndoing her homework.
\nb. Edie, Linda, and DeWayne discuss various ways they might
\nsolve a physics problem.
\nc. Mark, Jason, and Leanne each solve one-third of their
\nhomework problems and then share their
\nresults with the other two.
\nd. Reginald thinks about the various plots he might use in
\nthe short story he is writing and then
\neventually chooses one of them.<\/p>\n
1. Weston is working
\non a science project and wants to make his papier-m\u00c3\u00a2ch\u00c3\u00a9 volcano \u00e2\u0080\u009cerupt.\u00e2\u0080\u009d He remembers that when his mother combined
\nvinegar and baking soda while following a
\nrecipe, the batter foamed up as she added the vinegar. So he tries
\nmixing vinegar and baking soda in his
\nvolcano and the mixture bubbles. Weston is showing ___________ transfer.
\na. negative
\nb. general
\nc. specific
\nd. intuitive
\n2. Mary is majoring
\nin drama. Mary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s parents want her to study advanced mathematics as a way of strengthening her mind; with a stronger
\nmind, they argue, she will be able to learn her lines more easily when she is rehearsing for a
\nplay. Based on their reasoning, which one of the following perspectives of transfer do
\nMary\u00e2\u0080\u0099s parents hold?
\na. formal discipline
\nb. specific transfer
\nc. situated cognition
\nd. information processing
\n3. Which one of the
\nfollowing recommendations is consistent with current beliefs about transfer?
\na. \u00e2\u0080\u009cStudy German so you\u00e2\u0080\u0099ll have an easier time learning
\nJapanese next year.\u00e2\u0080\u009d
\nb. \u00e2\u0080\u009cStudying calculus will help you think more abstractly
\nabout the various subjects you will
\nstudy in college.\u00e2\u0080\u009d
\nc. \u00e2\u0080\u009cTake computer programming to help you develop your
\nanalytical thinking skills.\u00e2\u0080\u009d
\nd. \u00e2\u0080\u009cUse your knowledge of algebra to solve this chemistry
\nequation.\u00e2\u0080\u009d
\n4. Considering the
\ntextbook\u00e2\u0080\u0099s views on general transfer, which one of the following is most likely
\nto transfer across very different
\nsituations?
\na. the ability to remember complex ideas b. the ability to
\ntake good notes on a lecture c. the ability to memorize a poem d. the ability
\nto be creative
\n5. Three of the
\nfollowing are accurate statements about factors that affect transfer.
\nWhich statement is inaccurate?
\na. Students are more likely to transfer what they have
\nlearned when they see it as
\n\u00e2\u0080\u009cbelonging\u00e2\u0080\u009d to a particular academic subject area.
\nb. Students are more likely to transfer what they have learned
\nwhen they have studied it for a
\nlengthy period of time.
\nc. Students are more likely to transfer what they have
\nlearned when they have learned it in a
\nmeaningful, rather than rote, fashion.
\nd. Students are more likely to transfer what they have
\nlearned when they have learned
\ngeneral principles rather than specific facts.
\n6. In which one of
\nthe following situations are we most likely to find transfer from one learning
\ntask to the other?
\na. Brianne learns how to plant corn and then learns how to
\nprune a hedge.
\nb. Alice learns how to add two-digit numbers and then
\nstudies how to add three-digit
\nnumbers.
\nc. Devlin learns how to play softball and then learns how to
\nplay a card game.
\nd. Cathy learns early British history and then learns early
\nJapanese history.
\n7. A police officer
\nvisits Ms. Duhaime\u00e2\u0080\u0099s first-grade class one morning to talk about safety precautions at home and on the street. The
\nstudents listen quietly and attentively while the officer speaks. At the end of the visit,
\nthe officer and teacher agree that the students\u00e2\u0080\u0099 good behavior warrants some kind of
\nreinforcement. Given what we know about effective reinforcers at different grade levels, their best
\nchoice would be:
\na. a letter home to parents describing the children\u00e2\u0080\u0099s good
\nbehavior.
\nb. plastic toy police \u00e2\u0080\u009cbadges\u00e2\u0080\u009d awarded by the officer.
\nc. an official-looking \u00e2\u0080\u009cgood behavior\u00e2\u0080\u009d certificate given at
\nthe school\u00e2\u0080\u0099s award ceremony the
\nfollowing week.
\nd. twenty minutes of free time at the end of the day.
\n8. If you wanted to
\nencourage kindergartners to delay gratification, you would be most likely to:
\na. occasionally remind them that they will get a bigger
\nreward by waiting a couple of hours.
\nb. tell them that how well they behave at the end of the day
\nis what really counts.
\nc. talk about how their learning efforts today will pay off
\nin the years to come.
\nd. ask them to focus on how good it feels to do something
\nnice for a classmate.
\n9. Alex loses his
\nbest friend, Tyler, after he tattles on Tyler at recess. Alex learns that
\ntattling on friends is not a good
\nidea. The loss of Tyler\u00e2\u0080\u0099s friendship is an example of:
\na. negative reinforcement.
\nb. removal punishment.
\nc. presentation punishment.
\nd. positive reinforcement.
\nUnit 3 Examination
\n10. Linda wears
\nbell-bottom pants to school and her classmates tease her about them. As soon
\nas she gets home, Linda throws the
\npants in the trash. Linda\u00e2\u0080\u0099s being teased is an example of:
\na. negative reinforcement.
\nb. reinforcement of an incompatible behavior.
\nc. removal punishment.
\nd. presentation punishment.
\n11. Only one of the
\nfollowing consequences has been shown to be an effective and appropriate punishment for most students. Which one
\nis it?
\na. suspension from school
\nb. scolding
\nc. embarrassment in front of classmates
\nd. extra homework
\n12. When Rochelle has
\nan on-the-road lesson as part of her driver education class, she fails to stop at a school crossing zone, as is
\nrequired by law. Her instructor has her drive around the block several times and stop each
\ntime at the crossing zone. He also insists that, once she has stopped, she must wait at least
\neight seconds before proceeding. The instructor\u00e2\u0080\u0099s strategy illustrates the use of
\n__________ as a way of changing her behavior.
\na. response cost
\nb. a logical consequence
\nc. intermittent reinforcement
\nd. positive-practice overcorrection
\n13. Considering what
\nwe know about the kinds of models people are likely to imitate, we can
\nguess that the girls in our classes
\nwill be least likely to imitate:
\na. Brianne, head majorette in the school band.
\nb. Anita, a skillful auto mechanic.
\nc. Darla, a graceful dancer.
\nd. Claudia, the most popular girl in school.
\n14. From the
\nperspective of social cognitive theory, why might inner-city African American
\nstudents learn more from an African
\nAmerican model who grew up in a ghetto than from a model of a different race or background?
\na. because the students will view the African American
\nmodel\u00e2\u0080\u0099s behavior as being applicable
\nto their own situation
\nb. because the students are more likely to realize that the
\nAfrican American model has prestige
\nc. because the African American model is more likely to
\nbehave in a gender-appropriate manner<\/p>\n
d. because the students are more likely to perceive the
\nAfrican American model as being
\ncompetent
\n15. Social cognitive
\ntheorists propose that three of the following are essential for students to
\nlearn successfully from models.
\nWhich one is not essential?
\na. attention to the model
\nb. reinforcement for good performance
\nc. motivation to perform the behavior
\nd. memory of the observed behavior
\n16. Only one of the
\nfollowing definitely illustrates high self-efficacy. Which one is the best
\nexample of self-efficacy?
\na. Carmen enjoys being with her friends.
\nb. Bryn swims the fastest butterfly on the swim team.
\nc. Amy recently got a score of 120 on an intelligence test.
\nd. Danielle knows she is a good singer.
\n17. In what way does
\nself-efficacy differ from the term self-concept?
\na. Self-efficacy results primarily from vicarious
\nreinforcement and punishment.
\nb. Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be
\nperformed.
\nc. Self-efficacy refers only to behaviors that people learn
\nthrough modeling.
\nd. Self-efficacy appears only after people begin to regulate
\ntheir own behavior.
\n18. Jim has a high
\nsense of self-efficacy regarding his ability to work with wood. Based on
\nthis information, we would predict
\nthree of the following from social cognitive theory. Which one of the following would we not necessarily
\npredict?
\na. Jim will be a bit careless when he works with wood, so he
\nwill often make silly little
\nmistakes.
\nb. Jim will frequently choose activities that involve
\nworking with wood.
\nc. Compared to Joe, who has low self-efficacy, Jim will do a
\nbetter job at woodworking tasks.
\nd. If Jim has difficulty at a task requiring his woodworking
\nskills, he will tend to \u00e2\u0080\u009ctry, try
\nagain\u00e2\u0080\u009d until he gets it right.
\n19. Identify the
\nstudent who appears to have a mastery goal rather than a performance goal.
\na. When Abby gets a new assignment, she likes to set it
\naside for a day or so before she
\nactually begins to work on it.
\nb. When given the choice between taking an easy class or a
\nmore challenging one, Dana chooses
\nthe challenging one.
\nc. Bonnie is a perfectionist who gets upset when her test
\nperformance is anything but A+.
\nd. Cora is easily distracted by the many stimuli competing
\nfor her attention in the classroom.
\n20. Which one of the
\nfollowing students clearly has a mastery goal rather than a performance goal?
\na. Alice stays away from science courses because she\u00e2\u0080\u0099s never
\ndone very well in science.
\nb. Dinah doesn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t worry about making mistakes as long as she
\nknows she\u00e2\u0080\u0099s making progress.
\nc. Boris wants the recognition that being a star football player
\nwill bring him.
\nd. Cal is relieved to learn he passed his English
\ncomposition course.
\n21. Three of the
\nfollowing strategies should promote productive achievement goals. Which
\nstrategy is not recommended?
\na. Encourage students to focus on long-term rather than
\nshort-term goals.
\nb. Commend students for truly understanding material rather
\nthan just memorizing it.
\nc. Encourage students to rely on one another for occasional
\nacademic assistance and support.
\nd. Show students how the things they learn in class are
\nrelevant to their present and future
\nneeds.
\n22. Which one of the
\nfollowing students most clearly has a work-avoidance goal?
\na. Loni is so active in student government that she often
\ndoesn\u00e2\u0080\u0099t have time to get her homework
\ndone.
\nb. Chris asks for his teacher\u00e2\u0080\u0099s help on something he is
\nperfectly capable of doing on his
\nown.
\nc. Frederick stayed up so late last night watching
\ntelevision that he can hardly stay awake
\nin class.
\nd. Nancy wonders why
\nshe has to work harder than her friends to get the same grades they do.
\n23. Three of the
\nfollowing statements accurately describe the diversity we are likely to see
\nin students\u00e2\u0080\u0099 career goals. Which
\nstatement is not accurate?
\na. Students\u00e2\u0080\u0099 career choices are to some extent dependent on
\nthe values they assign to various
\nprofessions.
\nb. Many young children reach relatively stable decisions
\nabout which career they want to
\npursue; adolescents change their minds fairly frequently.<\/p>\n
c. Despite more open-mindedness about career options in
\nrecent years, many students continue
\nto aspire to careers that are stereotypically \u00e2\u0080\u009cfor\u00e2\u0080\u009d their own gender.
\nd. Many children and adolescents from low-income
\nneighborhoods express interest in
\nbecoming well-educated professionals (e.g., doctors, lawyers, teachers).
\n24. Which one of the
\nfollowing is the best example of a student attributing success to internal factors?
\na. Sue Ellen has just gotten a good grade on her geography
\ntest. She is proud that she did so
\nwell and glad that she studied hard.
\nb. Polly\u00e2\u0080\u0099s teacher has just told her that she will be the
\ngroup leader for her reading group
\nnext quarter. Polly is glad her teacher is in a good mood today.
\nc. Renata has just gotten a good grade on her math test and
\nshe is glad that her mother got her a
\nmath tutor.
\nd. Nita has just gotten an A on her final exam in world
\nhistory and is feeling very grateful
\nto the teacher for her good grade.
\n25. Which one of the
\nfollowing students is attributing success or failure on a geology test to
\nan internal source and thinks the
\ncause is unstable and controllable?
\na. Duncan said he did well on the test because he studied
\nhard.
\nb. Joe said he studied hard, but he failed because he is
\njust not good in geology.
\nc. Jane said she failed the test because it was too
\ndifficult.
\nd. Emily said she did well on her test because she is smart
\nin science.<\/p>\n
1. Mr. Phillips wants
\nhis students to develop the ability to separate and control variables in scientific experimentation. Which one of
\nthe following instructional methods is most likely to help his students achieve this goal?
\na. individualized assignments using computer spreadsheets
\nb. unstructured discovery-learning activities
\nc. small-group reciprocal-teaching activities
\nd. scaffolded inquiry-learning activities
\n2. Which one of the
\nfollowing conditions is recommended for effective learning in a discovery- learning activity?
\na. having a lesson that has been broken down into small,
\ndiscrete pieces
\nb. having freedom to explore one\u00e2\u0080\u0099s environment without any
\nstructure or restraint
\nc. having some prior knowledge about the material being
\nexplored
\nd. having an advance organizer for the lesson
\n3. Which one of the
\nfollowing is the best example of an authentic in-class activity?
\na. discussing reasons why World War I occurred
\nb. putting definitions of new terms in your own words
\nc. listing four different kinds of sedimentary rocks
\nd. designing a bridge using principles of physics
\n4. Which one of the
\nfollowing uses of a computer in instruction is most similar to an
\nauthentic activity?
\na. a computer-based instructional program that teaches the
\nvarious parts of the human digestive
\nsystem
\nb. a computer-based instructional program that teaches the
\nbasics of first aid
\nc. a computer simulation that allows students to conduct an
\nexperiment
\nd. a computer game that promotes automaticity for basic math
\nfacts
\n5. The four teachers
\nbelow are assigning homework to their students. Which teacher is giving an assignment that\u00e2\u0080\u0099s inconsistent with general
\nrecommendations regarding the appropriate use of homework?
\na. Mr. Needham asks his first graders to bring something
\nfrom home that begins with the letter
\nB.
\nb. Ms. Wong asks her sixth graders to make up sentences
\nusing each of their new spelling
\nwords.
\nc. Ms. Powell asks her high school algebra students to read
\nthe next two chapters in their
\ntextbook and then do the problems at the end of each chapter.
\nd. Mr. Rhodes asks his eighth graders to write the answers
\nto a series of questions based on
\nmaterial they\u00e2\u0080\u0099ve been studying over the past week.
\n6. Three of the
\nfollowing are purposes that asking questions in class can serve. Which one is
\nnot a typical use of asking
\nquestions?
\na. to decrease the extent to which students need to
\ncognitively process classroom material
\nb. to encourage students to elaborate on classroom material
\nc. to help students monitor their own comprehension of
\nclassroom material
\nd. to determine whether students understand classroom
\nmaterial
\n7. Ms. Girardi, a
\nsixth-grade teacher, is explaining an assignment. She notices two students passing notes to one another. While
\ncontinuing to discuss the assignment, she moves toward the students and confiscates the written
\nnotes. Then she walks back to the front of the class, still continuing her explanation, and asks
\nMark, who is daydreaming, to answer a question. This scenario best illustrates which one of the
\nfollowing classroom management skills?
\na. planning for transitions
\nb. withitness
\nc. negative reinforcement
\nd. scaffolding
\n8. Many students in
\nMs. Janklow\u00e2\u0080\u0099s class seem to have little intrinsic motivation for learning
\nmath, science or social studies. Their
\nminds are more apt to be on peer relationships (who the \u00e2\u0080\u009cpopular kids\u00e2\u0080\u009d are, who bullies whom on the
\nplayground, etc.) than on their studies. Without knowing anything else about Ms. Janklow\u00e2\u0080\u0099s
\nstudents, your best guess would be that they are:
\na. kindergartners.
\nb. seventh graders.
\nc. fourth graders.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
The strategy that is likely to be counterproductive when working with students and their parents is b. Acknowledge that authoritarian methods may be quite appropriate if families live […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"pagelayer_contact_templates":[],"_pagelayer_content":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1323],"tags":[1839,1838,1837,1845],"class_list":["post-5334","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-write-my-psychology-research-paper","tag-psychology-research-papers","tag-psychology-dissertations","tag-psychology-assignment","tag-psychology-case-study"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.homeworkacetutors.com\/acemyhomework\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5334","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.homeworkacetutors.com\/acemyhomework\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.homeworkacetutors.com\/acemyhomework\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.homeworkacetutors.com\/acemyhomework\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.homeworkacetutors.com\/acemyhomework\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5334"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.homeworkacetutors.com\/acemyhomework\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5334\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.homeworkacetutors.com\/acemyhomework\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5334"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.homeworkacetutors.com\/acemyhomework\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5334"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.homeworkacetutors.com\/acemyhomework\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5334"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}